Role of Remote
Sensing and GIS for Handling Environmental Issues in Chhattisgarh State
Rajesh Shrivastava, Dr. Archana Shukla, Neetesh Nema
LCIT
Engg. College, Bilaspur
(C.G.) India
*Corresponding
Author Email: rajesh_shri2008@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT:
As per current
scenario in Chhattisgarh state there are several environmental problems which
creating environmental imbalance. Few of the prominent problems are continuous
increase of temperature due setup of power plants, improper management of
waste, sewerage problem, air pollution, improper management of residential
colonies, water wastage, land misuse etc. These problems can be rectified up to
certain extent with the use of remote sensing satellite from which data can be
received and analyzed to find the proper solution of environmental problem to
make environmental problem free state. Most of the problems cover large
geographical areas that will generate various local problems also in which GIS
provides a best tool to proper handle. Establishment of Power plants are the
main reason of thermal imbalance in Chhattisgarh which can be monitored and
controlled by GIS data’s.
KEYWORDS: Environmental imbalance, remote sensing, GIS,
thermal imbalance.
1 INTRODUCTION:
With the rapid
economic development, environmental pollution is serious. It brings great
threat to the social sustainable development and the health of human beings.
Environmental protection is complex and dynamic. It involves spatial
information from multi-sectoral, multi-region and
multi-field and a lot of data processing. An Effective environmental protection
information system is needed so that many factors hidden in the complex
relationships will become clear and visually. Using advanced information technology,
environmental data is stored, transmitted, processed and analyzed in order to
achieve scientific management.
Geographic
information system (GIS) is a new technology emerging with the development of
geographical science, computer technology, remote sensing technology and
information science. It is the computer information system that can collect,
manage, analyze and visualize space data
According
to actual needs, GIS combines location and associated attribute information and
shows to the user truly and illustrative. The spatial information of
environmental protection is very large. Management and analysis of spatial
information is the advantage of GIS. Therefore, GIS is the ideal choice to a
government department in pollution monitoring and environmental resources
protection.
2 Situation
and task analysis of environmental monitoring in Chhattisgarh:
Environmental
monitoring is the process of determining the various signs data of
environmental quality. It is divided into three sorts those are research
monitoring, surveillance monitoring and particular purpose monitoring. Its
mission is to identify and test the contaminants composition in the
environmental sample, and to study the nature, composition and structure of the
environmental quality within a certain historical period and a certain space.
So that we can test and judge if the quality of the environment is in
compliance with environmental quality standards set by the state and determine
the pollution caused by pollutants. Informatization
construction of environmental monitoring started late in china, and the primary
construction is immature. For example, software ENSIS developed by ENSYS
company in Norway can establish water monitoring and air monitoring information
system at the national level, and the Chinese version has been developed. But
for various reasons, the primary workstations knew little about this. It is far
less than Arcgis, Mapinfo
and some other mature GIS software. In data analysis, we only use Essrsl2004
statistical software. It is lack of powerful GIS analysis functions, does not
combine with 3S, and can not monitor environment dynamic
and continuously.
Basing
on GIS, GPS, RS and other new technology, development and application of
integrated environmental monitoring information system will enable sharing of
information resources, will enter and analyze effectively the spatial data
(vector data, raster data) and the attribute data (indicators of environmental
pollution) obtained from GPS and RS by GIS, and will study the characteristics
and the compositive effects of pollutants. It will provide
the information for decision-making and promote scientific analysis and
decision-making in environmental protection.
3 GIS Applications in Environmental
Monitoring Construction in Chhattisgarh:
3.1
GIS used in Ecological Monitoring:
Ecological
monitoring, also known as the ecological environment monitoring, using of
ecology methods and means, measures spatial and temporal patterns of ecosystem
structure and function in different scales, which obtains mainly by monitoring
the condition, the condition change, the reflection and trend because of the
environmental pressure. Ecological monitoring platform is the basis of the
macro monitoring. It must be supported by GIS, GPS and RS technology and must
have sufficiently large capacity computers and aerospace information processing
device.
The
three techniques form a complete technical system for space observation, space
positioning and spatial analysis of the earth, which can reflect the changes
and mutual relationship of various elements of the ecosystem in global scale.
The
mathematical model basing on the RS and GIS will promote the transition from
qualitative described to quantitative analysis, promote the transfer of space
from the wild into the indoor, and promote the development of time from the
research on the past and the present to the quantitative prediction in
three-dimensional space. Powerful mapping function of GIS allows users to
easily obtain accurate position and informative thematic maps.
The
establishment of environmental information system not only provides important
background data for future, but also formats a unified environmental
information network with the relevant information systems of other departments
and relates systems of international networking. 3S technology is the direction
of macro-environment monitoring development. Using remote sensing and
environmental information technology, Neimenggu
Environmental Monitoring Central Station investigated ecological environment in
Yimeng areas for the first time, and obtained
encouraging results it was basis for the establishment of ecological
environment dynamic monitoring information system. Through a great deal of
research and practice on micro-ecological monitoring and macro-remote sensing
monitoring by 3S technology, Xinjiang Ecology Environmental Monitoring Central
Station sought out an ecological environment monitoring method. It is
consistent to environmental regional characteristics of Xinjiang. They
established ecological monitoring index system and comprehensive evaluation
which combined of macro and micro, monitoring and investigation and collection
of data. Practice since 1995 showed the satisfactory effect.
Annual
rainfall variability in Chhattisgarh state
3.2
GIS used in Water Monitoring in Chhattisgarh:
Water
environment information has obvious spatial attributes and levels attributes,
so the use of GIS will reveal the different regions of the water environment
more clearly, reflect the water environment quality trend in space, and monitor
flood disasters, forecast the development trend of flood. It will also reflect
directly the spatial distribution of environmental elements such as sources of pollution, sewage
out fall and monitoring sections.GIS can also use in the water quality
prediction, water environmental capacity, pollution prediction, the
distribution of the amount of pollutant reduction. It can provide multi-faceted
and multi-form support with table and graphics for the water environmental
management decisions.
"Digital
River" construction integrated used of 3S technology, network technology, multimedia
technology, virtual reality and other modern high-tech. It can provide a
basin-wide unified integrated information platform to achieve visual query
various types of information in watershed and virtual reproduction of the whole
basin in the computer. For example, the "Digital River" platform
established on GIS technology for " Danjiang
Reservoir" environmental monitoring, the relevant data including: Danjiang Reservoir satellite images obtained on RS
technology (raster data), the geographic information data obtained on GPS technology
(vector data),all kinds of water information (property data). GIS provides a
variety of methods of spatial data entry.
The
data organization is an effective form of database management, updating,
maintenance, fast search and inspection. It can output geospatial information
in many ways. And using of the model function and the spatial dynamics
prediction capability of GIS, it can provides the management and decision
support for environmental protection together with expert systems, decision
support systems and other technology (RS and GPS). Relying on "digital
watershed" basic platform, to promote the process of virtual reality digital
environment monitoring will be very important for the scientific management of
the water environment.
3.3 GIS used in Atmospheric
Pollution Monitoring in Chhattisgarh:
Atmospheric pollution continuous automatic monitoring
system relies on the GIS platform. The System task is monitoring pollutants in
the air continuously and automatically, accessing continuous Instantaneous information
of air pollution and analyzing the data. At the same time, we ca also control air pollution dispersion model and
air quality management.
In recent years, for preventing, control
ling and eliminating the harm of environmental emergencies effectively and standardizing
all kinds of emergencies emergency work, basing on establishing automatic mechanism
for monitoring and forecasting air
quality, many city governments established atmospheric environmental emergency
monitoring system, which was composed mainly by the emergency command center, on-site
command vehicle, emergency environmental monitoring vehicles, air quality monitoring
network and environmental emergency monitoring plan, a list of libraries of
major pollutants dangerous goods , electronic maps and other components.
Atmospheric environmental emergency monitoring system made full use the advantages
of GIS. In the event of accidental pollution incidents, environmental protection
departments could rush to the scene to monitor and analyze concentration of harmful
substances in the atmospheric quantitatively and qualitatively. We can grasp of
the pollution of pollution incidents timely and accurate, identify the nature
of the incident and the harm, and provide the technical basis to decision-making
for the development of contingency measures.
In addition, the system can also provide services for the environmental quality
assessment, prediction, warning and enforcement in the regional environment and
major projects, do the background measurement for the major events predicted
air pollution, and provide the basis for subsequent conclusions.
3.4
GIS used in Environmental Noise Monitoring in Chhattisgarh:
Urban
environmental noise pollution is a kind of energy pollution, which is
instantaneous in the time and discontinuous in the space. Only multi-point
sampling measurement and to monitor frequently as possible will reflect average
the level of regional noise pollution more really. Most cities in China have
followed the noise monitoring methods that is monitoring some frequencies and
some hours every year. Environmental noise automatic monitoring system has the
character of no staff on duty and continuous operation. It is a great solution
to the current noise monitoring problem such as time-consuming, laborious, and
poor representation. It not only can provide timely, reliable and effective
basis for Environmental noise enforcement, evaluation and treatment, but also
can provide timely and accurate means of environmental noise monitoring for the
implementation of quiet works in large and medium cities of China.
Environmental monitoring data and statistical information have spatial
attributes besides temporal and dynamic attributes. It is best suited to
express by GIS. And noise prediction can be achieved through the analysis.
China
has not yet sophisticated noise automatic monitoring techniques. Foreign
equipment is expensive, so wide use will not meet the actual conditions of
China. Harbin Environmental Information Center sum up
foreign experience and the actual situation in our country and studies this
problem in-depth as a subject. The ultimate goal of the system is nationwide
online automatic environmental noise monitoring and to constitute a new
environmental noise monitoring system by combination of GIS technology, sensor
technology, communications technology and network technology.
4 CONCLUSION:
GIS applications in environmental monitoring is ascendant. Its direction is: to combine
the work with the state information, to base on e-government related projects,
to promote GIS application in informationization
management of environmental monitoring, to develop to specialization, to
progress the environmental assessment, monitoring, tracking analysis, to
accelerate the application of 3S technology integration, to drive technical and
software development. In short, GIS technology will apply more and more in informationization of environmental monitoring, but also
bound to the cause of environmental protection to a new historical process.
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Received on 19.03.2015 Accepted
on 20.04.2015
©A&V
Publications all right reserved
Research J. Engineering and Tech. 6(2): April-June,
2015 page 287-292
DOI: 10.5958/2321-581X.2015.00044.6