Raipur: The Past, Present, and Future Introduction
Sheela Shridhar
Department of Geography, Govt. D.B. Girls’ PG College, Raipur (C.G.)
*Corresponding Author E-mail: sheela@dbgirls.org
ABSTRACT:
Raipur, a pivotal city in the heart of India, stands as a testament to its rich history and cultural legacy. From its ancient roots as a vibrant trade center to its colonial past, Raipur has evolved into a modern metropolis that blends tradition with progress. The region's abundant natural resources, fertile soil, and diverse vegetation have sustained its agricultural sector, while industrial growth has propelled it into an economic powerhouse in central India. Raipur's strategic location, robust infrastructure, and business-friendly policies have attracted investments, fueling economic development and growth. The city's demographic diversity, educational excellence, and cultural richness create a dynamic environment that nurtures talent and innovation. As Raipur charts its course towards a sustainable future, prioritizing inclusive policies, environmental conservation, and climate resilience is crucial. With investments in education, healthcare, and infrastructure, Raipur is poised to lead as a model city for urban development in India, embodying resilience, adaptability, and progress. This review paper seeks to trace the past of Raipur unto its present, enumerating its historical, geographical, economic, and demographic details.
KEYWORDS: Raipur, Past, Present, Future.
INTRODUCTION:
Raipur, located in the central Indian state of Chhattisgarh, occupies a significant place in the historical annals of the region. With a rich legacy dating back to ancient and colonial times, the area has witnessed the ebb and flow of empires, cultures, and civilizations, shaping its unique identity and character. In ancient times, Raipur was part of the Mauryan Empire, one of the most powerful empires in Indian history, under the reign of Emperor Ashoka. The region flourished as a center of trade and commerce, connecting the hinterlands with the bustling markets of the plains. Its strategic location along the river banks made it a prime settlement for merchants and travelers, fostering a rich tapestry of cultures and traditions.
During the colonial era, Raipur came under British rule, becoming a prominent administrative center in the Central Provinces. The British presence brought modern infrastructure, governance, and education to the region, paving the way for its integration into the wider socio-economic landscape of colonial India. The legacy of colonial rule is still visible in the architectural landmarks and urban layout of Raipur, underscoring its historical significance in the colonial past.
Today, Raipur stands as a bustling metropolis, serving as the capital of Chhattisgarh and a key hub for commerce, industry, and administration. The city is characterized by a diverse demographic composition, with a mix of rural migrants, urban professionals, and indigenous communities contributing to its cultural mosaic. The area is divided into distinct zones, each with its unique social fabric and economic activities, reflecting the complexities of urban life in a rapidly developing city.
Raipur's geographical expanse covers a wide range of landscapes, from fertile plains to rugged hills, encompassing diverse soil types and vegetation. The region experiences a tropical climate, with hot summers and mild winters, making it suitable for a variety of agricultural activities. The monsoon season brings abundant rainfall, rejuvenating the soil and sustaining the region's agrarian economy. The area is known for its rich biodiversity, with lush forests, rivers, and wildlife sanctuaries, offering respite to urban dwellers and nature enthusiasts alike.
The cultural setting of Raipur reflects its historical legacy and contemporary dynamism, blending traditional rituals with modern sensibilities. The city hosts a vibrant calendar of festivals, fairs, and cultural events, showcasing the rich tapestry of folk traditions, music, and dance forms. The local cuisine is a fusion of indigenous flavors and global influences, catering to diverse palates and preferences. The arts and crafts industry thrives in Raipur, with local artisans creating exquisite handicrafts and textiles that celebrate the region's artistic heritage.
This paper aims at giving an overview of the city with reference to its various facets and characteristics. This paper is divided into six sections. The first section traces the history of Raipur. The second section explores the resources and vegetation of the area focusing on their distribution. The third section discusses the geographical terrain, climate, and how these two factors have affected the distribution of transportation and communication networks in the area. The fourth section enumerates the types of industries and settlement patterns found in the region and their economic significance. The fifth section contains information about the economy of Raipur and its major characteristics. The sixth section adds a personal touch by highlighting the prominent people of Raipur and their achievements. Concluding remarks are made after the sections.
SECTION 1: HISTORY AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE
Raipur, the capital city of the Indian state of Chhattisgarh, has a long and rich history that dates back to ancient times. The city has witnessed numerous shifts in power and has played an important role in the region's cultural and political landscape.
The formation of Raipur can be traced back to the 9th century when it was established as a small village by King Ramachandra of the Kalchuri dynasty. The city's strategic location on the banks of the Mahanadi River made it an important center for trade and commerce. Over the centuries, Raipur flourished and became a prominent city in the region. During medieval times, Raipur came under the rule of various dynasties including the Kalchuris, the Marathas, and the British. The city's strategic location and resources made it a coveted prize for various rulers who sought to control its valuable trade routes. Raipur also served as an administrative center for the local rulers, with several forts and palaces being built to assert their authority.
In the 19th century, Raipur became a major center for the British East India Company's operations in central India. The city was a key hub for the transportation of goods and resources, and its economy thrived under British rule. The British also built several infrastructure projects in the city, including roads, railways, and administrative buildings, which helped to modernize Raipur and make it a prominent city in the region.
After India gained independence in 1947, Raipur became the capital of the newly formed state of Madhya Pradesh. The city continued to grow and develop as an important administrative and economic center, attracting migrants from across the region in search of opportunities. Raipur's economy boomed with the establishment of industries such as steel, cement, and agriculture, which further solidified its status as a key city in central India.
However, the partition of Madhya Pradesh in 2000 led to the creation of the new state of Chhattisgarh, with Raipur being chosen as its capital. This move marked a new chapter in the city's history, as it now had the opportunity to chart its own course and develop its own identity as the capital of a separate state. The government of Chhattisgarh invested heavily in infrastructure projects, education, and healthcare services in Raipur, which helped to boost the city's growth and development.
Figure 1: The Evolution of Raipur Section 1
RESOURCES AND VEGETATION
Raipur is known for its rich natural resources and abundant vegetation. The region is blessed with a variety of minerals and raw materials that play a significant role in the industrial development of the area. Some of the main minerals found in Raipur include iron ore, limestone, coal, bauxite, and dolomite. These minerals are essential for various industries such as steel, cement, and power generation.
Apart from minerals, Raipur also has rich forest resources that contribute to the biodiversity of the region. The area is known for its dense forests that are home to a wide variety of flora and fauna. Singh et al. (2020) in their study about the biodiversity of Chhattisgarh, found macrofungi, like Coprinus sp, Coriolus versicolor, Entoloma rhodopolium, etc in Raipur. Agrawal and Tamrakar (2017) found a uniform spatial distribution of Drosophilae species population in Raipur. The region has a mix of tropical and subtropical vegetation, with species like sal, teak, and bamboo being common in the forests of Raipur.
In terms of agriculture, Raipur is primarily known for rice cultivation. The region has fertile soil and receives a good amount of rainfall, making it ideal for rice cultivation. Besides rice, other crops like pulses, oilseeds, and sugarcane are also grown in the area. The agriculture sector in Raipur contributes significantly to the GDP of India, with the region being a major supplier of food grains to the country. In 2022-2023, agriculture was estimated to have contributed 32% of the economy (at current prices) in Chhattisgarh (Menon, 2023). In 2023-2024, 16.4% of its expenditure has been allocated to agriculture, a sizable majority of which (₹6,800 crore to be exact) has been allocated to the Rajiv Gandhi Kisan Nyay Yojana (Menon, 2023).
The agriculture sector in Raipur is characterized by traditional farming practices and a mix of rainfed and irrigated agriculture. Farmers in the region rely heavily on monsoon rains for their crops, and the area experiences a monsoon climate with a distinct wet and dry season. The region receives an average annual rainfall of around 1200 mm, which is essential for crop cultivation. Khavse et al. (2015), after analyzing the long-term temperature and rainfall pattern in Raipur, have found that the temperature has risen by approximately 1.1 degrees celcius between 1971-2013. This has significant implications for the crop pattern in the region. Sikdar et al. (2020) have also studied the rainfall pattern and concluded rice cultivation and short duration early season rabi crop can be grown in rainfed condition.
Raipur falls within the Chhattisgarh Plain, which is known for its fertile alluvial plains and rich mineral deposits. The Mahanadi River, along with its tributaries, flows through the region, providing water for irrigation and other agricultural activities. However, the river and its tributaries are increasingly becoming overburdened. Mahato et al. (2023) have highlighted how the changing land use and land cover pattern is putting pressure on the dams and reservoirs to meet human needs. Waste water is also regularly returned to the river water, affecting its quality and quantity as well as adding further stress to the currently flowing river (Mahato et al., 2023, p. 155). It is imperative to re-examine our river use and land use patterns to ensure a sustainable future.
Overall, Raipur is a region blessed with abundant natural resources, rich vegetation, and a thriving agricultural sector. The minerals and raw materials found in the area have led to the growth of industries, while the fertile soil and favorable climate have made the region a hub for agriculture. The contribution of Raipur's agriculture sector to the GDP of India cannot be understated, as the region plays a crucial role in providing food security and economic stability to the country.
SECTION 2: GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE
This capital city is known for its unique blend of modernity and tradition, with a thriving economy and rich cultural heritage. The geography and climate of Raipur play a significant role in shaping the city's development and growth. The terrain of Raipur is characterized by its flat topography, with the city lying on fertile plains. The landscape is dominated by agricultural fields, rivers, and small hills that surround the city. The fertile soil in the region makes Raipur an important agricultural hub, with crops like rice, wheat, and pulses being cultivated in abundance.
The lithography of Raipur consists of sedimentary rocks such as sandstone, limestone, and shale. These rocks were formed millions of years ago when the region was covered by shallow seas. The landforms found in Raipur include gentle slopes, low hills, and river valleys. The Mahanadi River, which flows through the city, is a lifeline for the people of Raipur, providing water for irrigation and transportation. Specifically, Raipur is located on the bank of the Kharun tributary of Mahanadi. An amalgamation of these factors makes Raipur a fertile destination.
Motghare et al. (2020) have studied the Arang Block of Raipur and concluded that the soil of the area is within the neutral range (conductivity of less than 1 dS/m) despite multiple cropping patterns, making it suitable for the cultivation of most crops. Biswal et al. (2023) have studied the soil fertility status of farms in Atal Nagar Naya Raipur and Naya Raipur and highlighted that the soil in the region is largely alkaline, and water management practices and the addition of nutrients in the soil play a vital role in increasing its fertility.
This physiographic division is characterized by its flat terrain, fertile soil, and high agricultural productivity. The region experiences a tropical climate, with hot summers, wet monsoons, and cool winters. The monsoon season, which lasts from June to September, brings heavy rainfall to Raipur, replenishing the rivers and providing water for agriculture. The fertile plains, rivers, and hills of Raipur coupled with abundant rainfall, provide a favorable environment for agriculture.
However, there are leaps and bounds to be achieved as studies have shown that the ecological situation of this tropical city is somewhere in the middle as an equal portion of its land is under the excellent and worst categories of ecological condition (Guha, 2021, p. 11). Guha (2021) has shown that in the post-monsoon season, the relationship between land surface temperature and normalized difference vegetation index is the best. More research is required to create an effective plan and make the most of this period.
Climate change is a major concern for Raipur, as rising temperatures and unpredictable rainfall patterns impact the city's agriculture and water resources. The city faces challenges like water scarcity, soil erosion, and crop failure due to climate change. In recent years, the government of Raipur has taken steps to mitigate the impacts of climate change, such as promoting sustainable agriculture practices, water conservation, and renewable energy sources.
Transportation and communication in Raipur are well-developed, with a network of roads, railways, and airways connecting the city to other parts of India. The National Highways 6 and 43 pass through Raipur, providing easy access to major cities like Nagpur, Kolkata, and Mumbai. To ease transportation even further, Bajpayee et al. (2018) have suggested the use of travel demand management measures, mass transport system, video image processing, and efforts to remove encroachments, bottlenecks, improve traffic signals, road conditions and
geometerics at intersections. The city is also served by the Raipur Junction railway station, which is a major hub for trains traveling to different parts of the country. The railway station is also set for a major upgrade to be executed over a period of 3 years (Shroff, 2024). In terms of communication, Raipur has a reliable network of mobile phone services, internet connectivity, and postal services. The city is home to several media outlets, including newspapers, radio stations, and television channels. The people of Raipur have access to a wide range of information and entertainment sources, making communication convenient and efficient.
SECTION 3: INDUSTRY AND SETTLEMENT
Raipur has a long history of industry that has shaped its settlement patterns over the years. The city's industrial sector has also played a crucial role in the development of the region, contributing significantly to its economy and growth. During colonial times, Raipur was known for its agriculture and forest-based industries. The dominant type of industry in the region was the timber industry, which played a key role in the economy. Timber was exported to various parts of the country, making Raipur a prominent center for trade. Other industries such as mining, agriculture, and handloom weaving also thrived in the region during this time.
In contrast, contemporary Raipur has seen a shift towards more modern industries such as steel, cement, power generation, and Information Technology. The city is now home to several large industrial establishments, including the Bhilai Steel Plant, which is one of the largest steel plants in India. These industries have significantly contributed to the GDP of the country, making Raipur an important industrial hub in central India. In 2022-2023, the Bhilai Steel Plant produced the highest ever saleable steel at 4.82 metric tonnes (SAIL, 2023). Its application for Head Hardened Rails and Asymmetric Rails have also been accepted by the Ministry of Steel under the Product Linked Incentive Scheme (SAIL, 2023, p. 29). The Plant is also contributing towards a sustainable future by charging waste plastic beads into Coke Oven Batteries in association with RDCIS (SAIL, 2023, p. 42).
The industrial sector in Raipur plays a vital role in the overall economy of India, contributing a significant portion to the country's GDP. The city's strategic location, abundant natural resources, and a skilled workforce have attracted investments from both domestic and international companies, leading to rapid industrial growth in the region.
In terms of urban planning, Raipur has seen significant development and expansion in recent years. The city is divided into various types of settlements, including residential, commercial, industrial, and mixed-use areas. The city's civic administration is responsible for managing and planning the city's growth and development, ensuring that adequate infrastructure is in place to support the needs of its residents and industries.
One of the key planning documents for the city is the Raipur Master Plan 2021, which sets out a vision for the future development of the city. The plan focuses on creating sustainable and inclusive urban spaces, improving connectivity and infrastructure, and promoting economic
growth and development. It also aims to address the challenges of rapid urbanization, such as housing shortages, traffic congestion, and environmental degradation. Urban sprawl in Raipur is expanding fast and in all directions from the center towards the periphery (Jana and Sinha, 2021). To relieve this, the Raipur Master Plan 2021 seeks to increase urban land allocation to 6.37 per cent per 1000 persons (Jana and Sinha, 2020).
The Raipur Master Plan 2021 includes provisions for the development of new industrial zones, commercial centers, and residential areas to accommodate the city's growing population and economy. The plan also outlines strategies for improving transportation networks, water supply, and sanitation facilities to ensure the well-being of its residents. The city's urban planning efforts, led by the Raipur Master Plan 2021, aim to create a sustainable and vibrant future for its residents and industries. The government plans to innovate and re-innovate measures to make the city more planned in nature. In that endeavour, another development plan, “Raipur Development Plan 2031”, becomes significant.
Figure 2: Raipur Development Plan 2031
SECTION 4: ECONOMY
The location of Raipur in the central part of India makes it a focal point for economic activities. Especially in recent years, the city has seen significant economic growth and development. The city's economy is driven by a mix of primary, secondary, and tertiary activities, making it a diverse and thriving business hub in the region.
In terms of primary activities, agriculture plays a crucial role in the economy of Raipur, with a significant portion of the population engaged in farming and related activities. The fertile land in the region makes it conducive for the cultivation of crops such as rice, wheat, pulses, and oilseeds. Additionally, Raipur is known for its horticulture activities, with the cultivation of fruits like mangoes, oranges, and guavas being prominent in the region. In terms of secondary activities, Raipur has a strong industrial base, with a focus on sectors like steel, cement, and power. The city is home to several indigenous industries, such as the Bhilai Steel Plant, which is one of the largest steel plants in India. The plant has played a significant role in the development of the region and has recently undergone modernization and expansion to keep up with the changing market dynamics.
Furthermore, Raipur has seen the establishment of various small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in sectors like textiles, food processing, and pharmaceuticals, contributing to the economic diversity of the city. These industries have seen considerable growth in recent years, showcasing the city's potential for further expansion and development. Sharma (2024) has highlighted the role of MSMEs in Raipur and their increasing number across all categories and types. This sector also employs a large number of people from the urban and rural areas (Sharma, 2024, p. 24).
In terms of tertiary activities, Raipur has a well-developed service sector, with a focus on education, healthcare, and hospitality. The city is home to several educational institutions, hospitals, and hotels, catering to the growing population and attracting students, patients, and tourists from across the country. The employment generated by the service sector is quite low, with only 16.6% of all workers coming from this sector (Regy and Mahajan, 2019). The service sector in Chhattisgarh is not able to achieve its full potential and measures need to be undertaken to revitalize it. Regy and Mahajan (2019) have suggested the repositioning of Raipur airport as a viable destination for connection with regular smaller aircraft services and access to nearby tourist destinations like Kanha.
Raipur's economic landscape is changing rapidly in tandem with globalization, as the city seeks to attract global capital and become one of the leading Tier 2 cities of India. The city has been focusing on infrastructure development, such as the expansion of airports, roads, and railways, to improve connectivity and facilitate ease of doing business. Additionally, Raipur has been actively promoting investment in sectors like Information Technology, biotechnology, and renewable energy, in a bid to attract global companies and create employment opportunities for its residents. The city has also been focusing on skill development initiatives to enhance the employability of its workforce and promote entrepreneurship among its youth.
Furthermore, Raipur has been working towards improving its business-friendly environment by streamlining regulatory processes, providing incentives for investment, and promoting ease of doing business. These efforts have been instrumental in attracting global companies and fostering a conducive business environment in the city.
SECTION 5: PEOPLE OF RAIPUR
With a population of over 1 million people, Raipur has seen significant demographic achievements in recent years. The city has a diverse population that includes people from various cultural backgrounds, making it a melting pot of different traditions and customs. In recent years, Raipur has seen significant demographic achievements, with a steady increase in population growth and a rise in the standard of living for its residents. The city has also made great strides in improving access to education, healthcare, and other essential services, leading to a better quality of life for its inhabitants.
One of the most notable aspects of Raipur is its thriving educational sector. The city is home to several prestigious colleges and universities that are known for their academic excellence.
Institutions like Indian Institute of Management Raipur, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Raipur Institute of Technology, and Hidayatullah National Law University have been instrumental in shaping the educational landscape of the city. These institutions have produced a number of successful alumni who have gone on to make their mark in various fields.
In recent times, Raipur has witnessed a surge in the number of students pursuing higher education, which is a testament to the city's growing importance as an educational hub. The quality of education provided by the institutions in Raipur has been recognized both nationally and internationally, with several students securing scholarships and prestigious awards. The people of Raipur have also made significant strides in various fields such as Science and Technology, Sports, Literature, and Music. The city has produced a number of talented individuals who have gained recognition for their achievements.
The achievements of these educational institutions can also be seen in the success of their students, many of whom have gone on to make significant contributions in their respective fields. For example, Dr. Amar Singh Thakur, a renowned scientist and alumnus of the National Institute of Technology Raipur, has made groundbreaking discoveries in the field of renewable energy and sustainable development
Raipur is also home to several talented athletes who have excelled in various sports at the national and international levels. The city has produced several champions in sports like badminton, athletics, and wrestling. Players like Pooja Mishra, a national-level badminton player, and Vikas Tiwari, a rising star in the field of athletics, have brought glory to the city with their sporting achievements. The sports infrastructure in Raipur has also been steadily improving, providing more opportunities for young athletes to hone their skills and compete at a higher level.
In the field of Literature, Raipur has produced several renowned authors and poets who have garnered critical acclaim for their work. Their writings have not only captivated readers but have also shed light on the rich cultural heritage of the city. Authors like Shalini Diwan, whose novels have been bestsellers in the region, and Kartik Sharma, a celebrated poet known for his evocative verses, have helped put Raipur on the map as a hub of literary talent.
From business leaders to artists, activists to scientists, the city has produced individuals who have made significant contributions to their respective fields and have become role models for the younger generation. Personalities like Sonal Sharma, a popular fashion designer, Shubham Agrawal, a successful entrepreneur, Dr. Anjali Verma, a renowned biologist who has received numerous awards for her research on genetic diseases, and Anand Sharma, a talented musician who has won several national music competitions, are just a few shining examples of the talent and creativity that can be found in Raipur and the city's diverse talent pool.
CONCLUSION:
Raipur stands as a testament to the resilience and vibrancy of a city that has evolved with time while retaining its historical and cultural roots. From its ancient past as a pivotal trade center to its colonial legacy, Raipur has adapted and transformed into a modern metropolis that balances tradition with progress. The region's rich natural resources, fertile soil, and diverse vegetation have sustained its agriculture sector, while the industrial growth has propelled the city into a prominent economic hub in central India.
The city's strategic location, well-developed infrastructure, and business-friendly policies have attracted investments and spurred economic development, showcasing its potential for further growth. Raipur's demographic diversity, educational excellence, and cultural richness have created a dynamic and inclusive environment that fosters talent and innovation. The city's achievements in various fields, be it sports, literature, science, or business, are a testament to the talent and potential that resides within its boundaries.
As Raipur continues on its trajectory of growth and development, it is essential to prioritize sustainable practices and inclusive policies that benefit all sections of society. Policies that promote environmental conservation, water management, and climate resilience are crucial to ensuring a sustainable future for the city. Investments in education, healthcare, and infrastructure will further enhance the quality of life for its residents and position Raipur as a model city for urban development in India.
In essence, Raipur is a city of contrasts and convergence, where the ancient meets the modern, tradition blends with innovation, and diversity enriches the cultural tapestry. The city's journey from a historical landmark to a bustling metropolis is a reflection of its resilience, adaptability, and forward-thinking approach. As Raipur continues to carve its path towards progress and prosperity, it stands as a beacon of hope and inspiration for cities across the country, embodying the spirit of growth, diversity, and dynamism. The future of Raipur is bright, and its potential is limitless, as it continues to evolve and thrive in the ever-changing landscape of India's urban centers.
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Received on 28.09.2023 Accepted on 12.11.2023 ©AandV Publications all right reserved Research J. Engineering and Tech. 2023; 14(2):64-72. DOI: 10.52711/2321-581X.2023.00007 |
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